Analysis of Plato's Allegory of the Cave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investigation of Plato's Allegory of the Cave - Essay Example Purposeful anecdote of the Cave was a work of Plato, which additionally implies Analogy of the Cave. In this work Plato is portraying the nature in training and in the needs of instruction. In the article Plato is attempting to bring a relationship among instruction and nature and how training affects nature and it understanding. It is a lot of conversational discoursed between Plato’s sibling Glaucon and Socrates. Plato has made an exceptional showing in conceptualizing the paper according to a perspective of discussion. He has gone an alternate way while investigating the constraints of human comprehension on a specific subject by advancing into a limited way of data. To put it down in a short, Allegory of the Cave comprises of individuals who have been confined to the mass of a cavern where they are confronting the divider and can just observe shadows of individuals who are strolling behind them with the reflection from the fire before them. The individuals never get the op portunity to observe the genuine picture and decipher reality from the shadow see they have while confronting the mass of the cavern for their entire life. Plato at that point draws a similarity from this circumstance as for the life of a thinker of his tendency. He says that the life of the savant is a lot of slanted in this design, the main contrast is that the thinker can understand that what he is seeing is just shadows and not the genuine picture with regards to how it exists as a general rule. He discovers reality and understands that for his entire life he was observer to an image which didn't exist actually and that what he saw thusly was false. At that point he moves onto state that the logician is liberated from this confine and afterward at long last considers the to be picture as how it stands apart to be, and not the manner in which he saw it. Accentuation is laid on recognition and Plato attempts to clarify from this similarity that what people see isn't in every case valid and that they have to liberate themselves from this confine of discernment which covers over the genuine picture so as to comprehend the genuine picture. The case in this similarity is that individuals ought to be liberated from the State just as any position which is intended to secure up recognitions in the psyches of the individuals. Individuals ought to be liberated from such exercises by any association at all, where they have the decision to glance around and reach determinations from reality as opposed to exchanging defective observations engendered by State into their brains. The writer is utilizing an enthusiastic intrigue to accumulate the help of his perusers. He is utilizing this device as it appears to be the smoothest and the most unobtrusive instrument in persuading individuals regarding his thought just as causing them to tail it in their own lives. Along these lines the individuals can associate at an extremely frail and elevated level and that is the place th e power is the greatest. When the power is accomplished at an exceptionally profound level which must be engendered through a passionate comprehension of the thought, the individuals would naturally by crafted by their sub cognizant would catch and execute the thought into their brains. It is an association of the sub cognizant and that association works just when applied at an extremely serious level, which incorporates the extending of limits, in this manner managing at a frail point and yet reinforcing it. The story spins around a similarity which is sentimental in nature. The

Before 1865 Essays - British East India Company,

Prior to 1865 Brooke Massa 1 American Civilization to 1865 October 18, 1999 Patriotism initially developed as the Colonists turned out to be increasingly Democratic. Some contend that Democracy had consistently existed in the states, yet didn't start to rise until around the start of ?The Enlightenment?. I accept that Nationalism was available during the Progressive Era, yet then blurred once more, fanning the fire during the Civil War. Pioneers shown all the parts of Nationalism. They had a mutual feeling of social character, an objective of political self assurance, and the larger part shared a steadfastness to a solitary national state. Settlers were a huge number of miles from the lord, the parliament, and Great Britain, this prompted another lifestyle. While numerous parts of provincial society were taken straightforwardly from that of Britain society, they likewise framed new convictions and customs as they saw fit. The Edification ?Helped produce a developing enthusiasm for training and an elevated worry with legislative issues and government.? (Brinkley pg. 85) With this ascent of scholarly interest likewise came the ascent of education and innovation inside the states. The education rates increased and more and more individuals had promptly avaliable writings. The creation of the print machine prompted an inundation of printed material, quite a bit of which delt with legislative issues. Books, flyers, and chronological registries all were utilized in communicating the political thoughts of huge numbers of our incredible early government officials. ?One explanation the Stamp Act made such a disturbance in the settlements was on the grounds that printing innovation and consequently print itself-had by then gotten integral to pilgrim life. Massa 2 The settlements, similar to any country, needed to act naturally adequate, however because of the fixed measure of riches, this was unthinkable except if they got an outside wellspring of pay. Mercantilism was a basic piece of pioneer society, the interest for imported products was extraordinary. Britain passed the Navigation Acts to constrain the Colonies exchange with outside sources. The Sugar Act, which again precluded exchange, particularly that of sugar, between the provinces, and the French what's more, Spanish Claims in the West Indies. With all the limitations set upon them, it was as it were normal that the pioneers would break these limitations. England passed a progression of Acts which included: the Hat Act, the Currency Act, the Iron Act, and the Stamp Acts. At the point when settlers known about these demonstrations, they started to mix. From the outset the settlements believed that there was pretty much nothing or nothing to be finished. At that point in 1765, the Virginia House of Burgesses fanned the fire. Patrick Henry expressed that it was crazy for the settlers to pay burdened to an administration that they had no portrayal in. This and different resoulutions were printed and esteemed the ?Virginia Resolves?. Simultaneously in Massachusetts, James Otis was requiring an intercolonial congress. After the finish of the French and Indian War, there were 4 issues which thusly legitimately prompted the ascent of Nationalism and the Revolution: 1. In 1765 the British gain a lot of land in the U.S. through the Treaty of Paris. 2. The finish of the war drove Great Britain to fortify the Route Acts. 3. The war evacuated the 1 fundamental security that was all the while staying between the U.K. furthermore, the U.S., that which was shielding the settlements agains the French. 4. The French furthermore, Indian War prompted a 130 million pound British Debt. This amazing war obligation was another reason that England passed the Stamp Acts. These occasions assisted with reinforcing the pilgrims feeling of social personality and help the ascent towards Nationalism. Massa 3 With all the limitations set upon them, it was just regular that the idea of political self-assurance emerged. Homesteaders felt that they should boycott together to ascend against the British. The exchange circumstance was a determing factor in the ascent of pilgrim political frameworks. Britian understood that the settlements were starting to ?think all alone? furthermore, a progression of British government foundations started in the U.S. There were Vice Admiralty Courts, the Board of Exchange and Plantations, and numerous financial and exchange guidelines. All settlements had Royal Governors and frontier authorities. In October of 1765, the Stamp Act Congress met and drafted an appeal to England expressing that pioneers must be burdened from their own commonplace governments, and not from Britian. The fights worked, in light of the fact that Britain before long toppled the Stamp Act. The provinces were obviously ?quiet? until the 1770's when England again passed prohibitive acts, this time the Intolerable Acts.

Moonshine Can Still Cause Health Problems

Moonshine Can Still Cause Health Problems Addiction Alcohol Use Print Moonshine Can Still Cause Health Problems By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 06, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 20, 2018 Scott Olson / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Moonshine, the formerly hush-hush, home-distilled liquor of backwoods Appalachia is still around. In fact, its now legit. White lightning, as its called, was once completely an illicit and banned substance by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, but it is now permitted for sale and regulated by the U.S. federal government in some states. The first legal moonshine distillery in Tennessee opened its doors in 2010, and others followed in Kentucky, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina.?? There are some estimates that more than a million illegal moonshine stills are in operation in the United States making the production of the clear,  high-potency brew  more prevalent and widespread now than it has ever been in history. And, its potentially very dangerous to make at home due to its ingredients, byproducts, and flammability.   What Is Moonshine? Moonshine, also known as hooch or homebrew, is made by fermenting a sugar source to produce ethanol. Traditionally, moonshine is made from a mash of corn and sugar. The alcohol is separated from the mash by a distillation process.  One big difference between moonshine and other liquors like whiskey or bourbon is that moonshine is not aged. The result is a distilled spirit that contains a high percentage of alcohol, many times greater than 100 proof (50 percent), like a white whiskey. Moonshine may conjure up images of country-folk distilling and transporting their  potent potables in jugs branded XXX during the middle of the night to avoid detection, and that is not far off from the truth in some parts of the U.S. where that still occurs. What has changed is that now in the modern era,?? the ability to buy commercially produced, all-copper moonshine stills on the internet has taken some of the danger out of the moonshine distilling process. Despite this improvement, that does not mean that all moonshine is safe to drink. Plenty of moonshine is being brewed in the hills of Appalachia in stills made from automobile radiator parts. History of Moonshine As far as we can tell, brewing alcohol has been around since the beginning of mankind. Moonshine is believed to have been introduced in the southern Appalachian region of the U.S. by Scotch-Irish immigrants in the late 1700s. According to Appalachian anthropologists, the Scotch-Irish immigrants who migrated to the region in the late 1700s and early 1800s brought with them their tradition of home brewing and their recipe for the high-potency hooch. The term comes from the fact that it is done at night so people will not see the smoke from the still. Therefore, it can be hidden from the police or thirsty neighbors, according to Jason Sumich, Department of Anthropology, Appalachian State University. Moonshine was originally packaged in clay jugs, then later Mason jars. The old clay jars were often marked with XXX on the side. Supposedly each X represented how many times the brew had been through the distillation process. Big Moneymaker Moonshine Moonshine was once an important financial aspect of the Appalachian economy, providing a source of income in bad economic times and in areas where poverty was rampant. Like any good produced in the U.S., moonshine experienced its peaks and valleys in the supply and demand chain. Moonshine experienced a deep lull when the U.S. had an increase in the price of sugar starting in the 1950s. Moonshine seemed to become a fading tradition as the U.S. experienced an increase in the  use of marijuana and the use of prescription painkillers at epidemic levels in the region. In recent years, moonshine seems to have had a resurgence. Now with the trend for higher prices at the liquor store, especially for imported spirits, moonshining has hit the spotlight again. In 2010, a BBC investigation into moonshining in the United States found that as many as a million Americans were breaking the law by making moonshine. In the same year, Tennessee started selling legal hooch in big box stores like Walmart and Sams Club. On the internet, several websites offer stills made of all copper for sale, ranging from one-gallon personal models to 220-gallon commercial outfits. They range in price from $150 to $11,000 and anywhere in between. One seller claimed the demand for his copper stills doubled in recent years and he had shipped stills to every state in the U.S. Why Is Moonshine Dangerous? Illegal moonshine remains dangerous because it is mostly brewed in makeshift stills. It can be dangerous on two levels, both during the distilling process and when consuming it. The distilling process itself produces alcohol vapors, which are highly flammable. More than one moonshine maker has died by striking a match to light his pipe at the wrong time. The flammable vapors are one major reason why moonshine stills are almost always located outside, although it makes them easier to be spotted by law enforcement. The threat of vaporous explosions is too great if confined inside. In terms of consuming the liquid, if the final product is over 100 proof, the moonshine itself is flammable and can be very dangerous. Can Moonshine Make You Go Blind? More people have died from drinking moonshine than have died by explosions of stills due to the toxins in the brew. Although many of the stills in operation today are the all-copper variety, there are plenty of the old handmade stills still around. Old stills use vehicle radiators in the distilling process, and they are apt to contain lead?? soldering, which could contaminate the moonshine. The old radiators could also contain remnants of antifreeze glycol products which could also add toxins to the brew. In larger batches of distilled moonshine, tainting with methanol can occur. Because methanol vaporizes at a lower temperature than alcohol, the first liquid produced by the distillation process can contain methanol. The larger the batch, the more methanol. Methanol is highly poisonous and can cause blindness and even death. Most moonshine makers today know to pour off those first drippings from the condenser, also known as the foreshot, but not all of them know or do it. In 2003, Dr. Christopher Holstege,?? a physician with the University of Virginia Health System, tested 48 samples of moonshine obtained by law enforcement from different stills. The doctor found lead contamination in 43 of the samples. How Can You Tell If Moonshine Is Safe? Folklore tells us one way to test the purity of moonshine is to pour some in a metal spoon and set it on fire. If it burns with a blue flame it is safe, but if it burns with a yellow or red flame, it contains lead, prompting the old saying, Lead burns red and makes you dead. But, the spoon burning method is not completely reliable. This test does not detect other toxins that might be in the brew,?? like methanol, which burns with a colorless flame. With millions of gallons of moonshine being produced each year in the United States, chances are some of it is going to be tainted. Health officials are concerned that moonshine toxicity in ailing patients might be overlooked?? because most healthcare providers consider it a tradition of the past.

The Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare - 1497 Words

Practise Essay William Shakespeare effectively explores and follows the framework of the tragedy, Macbeth; a tale of systematic suffering, which foreshadows and imminently leads to the death of a great man. Essentially, it is Macbeth’s flaw – his growing ambition – which leads to these harsh repercussions. Shakespeare demonstrates his tragedy, through Aristotle’s elements and definition of tragedy, which ultimately concerns the reversal of good fortune to bad. In â€Å"Macbeth†, ambition conspires with supernatural forces to commit evil deeds and the themes of the supernatural, evil and ambition, all contribute to tragedy. The three themes are accordingly depicted by the Witches, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth himself – the trio concocting the recipe for the downfall of a great man. The supernatural – an external force that does not correspond to the laws of nature – serves as the initial theme of the tragedy, â€Å"Macbeth† – contributing to the first aspect of a play, the action. In â€Å"Macbeth†, Shakespeare explores the world of man and the supernatural, which are both disrupted by killing – in the Elizabethan era, the killing of a king was seen as a sin against god. The play’s supernatural dimension opens with the impeding presence of the witches in Act 1, Scene 1. The dominant imagery of night and darkness is introduced as the witches gather in the ‘foul and filthy air’. The weird sisters’ perhaps most infamous statement, ‘Fair is foul, and foul is fair’, presents a combination of aShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe first tragic story created in ancient Greece. Tragedies were written as a form of catharsis or purgation of emotions. In these types of plays, the audience finds characters in which they can relate to which is a tragic hero. The tragic hero creates his own failures based upon their own actions and produces a detrimental fate for himself. The process of the protagonist’s fall is based upon the tragic structure. The structure of a tragedy consists of the exposition, exciting force, hamartia, theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare892 Words   |  4 Pages‘The Tragedy of Macbeth’, written between 1599 and 1606 by William Shakespeare, has been reinterpreted in the 2010 film ‘Macbeth’. The 2010 film successfully takes its own reading of Shakespeare s play; by changing the setting, the director, Rupert Goold, effectively conveys many of the key themes and issues found in the original text. Whilst transforming some on the underlying meanings to correspond to the alternative readings contemporary audiences might take from Shakespeare s Macbe th. The objectiveRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1724 Words   |  7 PagesAs humans we are attracted to tragedy in our everyday lives. For the horror, understanding and contemplation of human nature what else can offer a better summary than Shakespeare? In the play the Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare the story progresses through the vision of the protagonist, Macbeth. Throughout the story Macbeth aspires to obtain more power than his original position, as sergeant, provides. With many dastardly deeds he achieves the position of king, although he becomes a tyrantRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1023 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is one the greatest writer of all time. Writing hundreds of books and scripts, Shakespeare founded his most success in his plays in the 1589-1613. One of his most popular plays is the Tragedy of Macbeth. The Tragedy of Macbeth was a turn from glory to tragedy. A story of a true tragic hero. Macbeth is a brave soldier in a war for Scotland. A tale of a great soilder that was highly praise in his kingdom turn to a tragic murderous sinful king. Macbeth kill his friends and hisRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tragedy of Macbeth Literary Analysis In the play The Tragedy of Macbeth, William Shakespeare uses satire as tone and irony as points of view to portray Macbeth’s unfortunately placed ambition and the manipulation that is used on him. His ambition to gain a higher status as king ends with consequences to himself and the others in his path. Shakespeare adds dramatic irony, verbal irony, and situational irony to keep the readers at the edge of their seats as well as engaged in each lie and mishapRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare739 Words   |  3 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s play, The Tragedy of Macbeth, the Death of King Duncan of Scotland occurred at Thane Macbeth’s castle, Inverness, at around four in the morning in about the year 1300. Before the murder, Macbeth imagined seeing a bloody dagger floating before him, making it appear as if he was not totally sane. The reason the murder happened was because Macbeth had met three witches in the woods that prophesized to him that he would become king of Scotland. Afterwards, Macbeth sent a letterRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare972 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Tragedy of Macbeth, William Shakespeare utilizes a series of themes through the behaviors of many different characters. Some themes seen more clearly throughout the play are those of monarchy, tyranny, and gender. Perhaps the most prominent theme in the whole play is that of the â€Å"unsexing† of Lacy Macbeth’s character. Lady Macbeth wants to act in such a way that is not connected to her gender; we see this and how it relates to the plot and her part in both the rising action and climax in theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1052 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish II 2 October, 2015 â€Å"Tragedy† of Macbeth Macbeth, a play written by one of the most influential English writers of all time William Shakespeare. It was created to be a Shakespearean tragedy. A tragedy as Aristotle defines it as: â€Å"Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude †¦. through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions† (Aristotle: Poetics). What this is saying for a tragedy is that it should have the audienceRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1582 Words   |  7 Pagesto you and told you would be king would you trust them? Macbeth did and ultimately it led to his tragic demise. The tragedy of Macbeth was written by famous poet William Shakespeare in the earl sixteen hundredth. The play dramatizes the destructive physical and mental effects of radical ambition for people who seek authority for the benefit of an individual. Macbeth’s theme of ambition, lust for power, faith, and gullibility makes Macbeth his own antagonist, which is directly correlated to his deathRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1290 Words   |  6 Pagesdetrimentally. This is evident in the play, The Tragedy of Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare through Macbeth’s interpretation of the witches’ prophecies, perception of the security of his throne, and interpretation of what his life has become. First, Macbeth’s interpretation of the witches’ prophecies became the principle of his actions that caused for his identity to descent. To begin with, the three weird sisters presented Macbeth with three prophecies where the first two, Thane

cognitive linguistics - 3443 Words

The topic of seminar: The main trends of Cognitive Linguistics in works of foreign (American and European) scientists Problem task: What principles of cognitive linguistics did G. Lakoff pay much attention at ? Describe his idea. Describe the study of spatial relationships and types of movement in the conceptualization of language, the concept of imaginative schemes and types of schemes. Describe the study of body based consciousness and language of humans. The idea of the concept of embodiment. Make a classification of areas and approaches, allocated in cognitive linguistics by foreign authors. Present it as a flowchart (Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ã' Ã'…Ð µÃ ¼Ã °). Lecture 6.The main trends of Cognitive Linguistics in works of foreign scientists.†¦show more content†¦The Generalization Commitment has concrete consequences for studies of language. First, cognitive linguistic studies focus on what is common among aspects of language, seeking to re-use successful methods and explanations across these aspects. For instance, just as word meaning displays prototype effects – there are better and worse examples of referents of given words, related in particular ways – so various studies have applied the same principles to the organization of morphology (e.g., Taylor, 2003), syntax (e.g., Goldberg, 1995), and phonology (e.g., Jaeger Ohala, 1984). Generalizing successful explanations across domains of language isnt just a good scientific practice – it is also the way biology works; reusing existing structures for new purposes, both on evolutionary and developmental timescales. Second, cognitive linguistic approaches often take a vertical, rather than a horizontal strategy to the study of language. Language can be seen as composed of a set of distinct layers of organisation – the sound structure, the set of words composed by these sounds, the syntactic structures these words are constitutive of, and so on. If we array these layers one on top of the next as they unroll over time (like layers of a cake), then modular approaches are horizontal, in the sense that they take one layer and study it internally – just as a horizontal slice of cake. Vertical approaches get a richer view ofShow MoreRelatedMetaphor In Talk Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagesbones into small bits and ‘He caused my stomach to burst.† As Maalaj notes it is important to include cultural practices in any account of conceptual metaphors. 2.6.2. Metaphors in Linguistics and Literature (Paprottà © and Driven, 1985) that brings metaphor within the scope of applied Linguistics. If, as Cognitive linguists now hold, metaphor is not just a surface ornamentation of Language but a phenomenon of human thought processes, and then metaphor in real world language becomes an importantRead MoreThe Sapir Whorf s Hypothesis1793 Words   |  8 Pagesdemonstrate that this is at least partially—although not entirely—true, based on my own anecdotal experiences of being a bilingual speaker, and the linguistic evidence provided by Professors George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, combined with the studies of Luisa Maffi and Harold C. Conklin. Although the concept of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis—or linguistic relativity, as it is sometimes known (Ahearn 1962: 66)—is one that has provoked incredible intrigue, it inevitably falls victim to Whorf’s distasteRead MoreChomsky s Theory Of Human Language1362 Words   |  6 PagesIn the 1960s, Empiricism and Behaviorism reigned, yet these views are now commonly mostly considered absurd due to Chomsky. Noam Chomsky, a prominent cognitive linguist and a great contributor to analytical philosophy, is in awe of the concept of human language. The properties of language enable humans to combine individual concepts together in indefinitely many ways, making the range of human thought virtually unlimited. Chomsky is fascinated that language enables humans to say virtually anythingRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Aphasia Patients1343 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage production may be very limited - cannot speak fluently b) Some may have more trouble with comprehension aspects - speak fluently but words used don t make sense - used incorrectly c) Because it is related to brain damage, there are other cognitive deficits that may be associated with aphasia, depending on the type of damage. 3. Every individual patient with chronic aphasia differs, which means treatment has to be flexible and adaptable to the patient. B. What is AAC? 1. Augmentative andRead MoreEssay about The Relationship Between Language and Worldview1369 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between cognitive development and linguistic developments (Blum 35). After studying different languages, the researcher found a connection between linguistic and cognitive values, with the former being regarded as important in promoting the latter. This means that there is need for linguistic development, and especially in the first stages of development for the cognitive behaviors to be observed. From this hypothesis, it is clear that a worldview is influenced by linguistic traits that areRead MoreEssay on Language Development in Hearing-impaired Children1734 Words   |  7 PagesThis had to be the hardest paper that I have written here at Ashford. I think a lot had to do with finding four articles that I could really relate to. Well, then again finding the articles that interested me the most in one of the following areas: cognitive development, language development, social development, or memory and the brain in children and infants. Most students would say that this is easy, however, my situation is not like most students. I have a 6 year old little girl, named Racine,Read MoreDifference Between Linguistic And Linguistic Studies1097 Words   |  5 PagesIn the following essay, I am going to present a comparison between two linguistic studies. Constructing another Language-Usage Based Linguistics in Second Language Acquisition by Eskildsen and Sources of Linguistic Knowledge in the second language acquisition of English articles by Ionin, Zubizarreta, and Maldonado are going to be contrasted regarding their theoretical frameworks, research questions and research designs together with the conclusions reached. Reading the two studies, certain conclusionsRead MoreLanguage, The, And The Glass Broke1716 Words   |  7 PagesWhen we conceive language as the product or instrument of an exclusively cognitive subject, then it is merely representational. The meaning of our words depends directly on their correspondence to things in the world, and we recognize no other meaning than the literal. Sentences like this is a chair, or Machu Picchu is two thousand meters above sea level, or the glass broke, all illustrate this use of language. They are clearly literal, they serve to communicate facts, and they can be verifiedRead MoreLanguage As A Form Of Control1744 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage as a Form of Control: The Use Psycholinguistics in Babel-17 The psychology of language has always been a complex and fluid study in which scientists investigate the cognitive processes that make it possible to generate a grammatical and meaningful sentence out of vocabulary and phonetic structures, as well as factors that let people acquire, produce, and comprehend language as an entirety. Samuel L. Delaney’s 1966 science fiction novel, Babel-17, explores a psycholinguistic approach toRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Human Language1116 Words   |  5 Pagesis surrounded around the cognitive development and the brain. The development of the brain is followed in the development of language. This is thought to be only after the human has been born. Chomsky had similar innovations in his study of linguistics; he replaced behaviorism of Skinner (1959) with modern cognitive base, which the introduced an innate type of universal grammar and a common program of principles called â€Å"minimalist programme† (679). Also modern linguis tics separates two languages:

Linguistics Classes, Verb and Noun Free Essays

â€Å"Discuss and contrast some of the main features of the classes VERB and NOUN in English and any other language. † In this essay I will make an attempt to discuss differences between two classes of lexemes, which are verb and noun. In order to conduct that analysis in a detailed manner I will refer to two languages, English and Polish (minor references to French will also help my studies). We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics Classes, Verb and Noun or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will start from defining what one can refer to as class in linguistics. I will to refer to certain shadows of doubt that may be casted on that categorization. This will be followed by elaborating subtleties of what constitutes a verb providing examples and showing contrasts between two languages examined. With the help of studying materials I’ll manage to outline empirical criteria for how the concept of verb can be understood by a linguist. Then, I will implement similar methodology to clarify the concept of a noun class. Finally I will arrive at a conclusion that beyond any doubt those two categories are distinctly different and minor similarities emphasized by two drastically different languages simply make the case more interesting. A scholar is able to divide every language into two diverse, but mutually supplementing, categories. Grammar is a set of closed system that determines how items of the language interact with each other. Lexicon, on the other hand provides a glossary of lexemes. Lexeme is more than a word, as it refers to all possible variations of linguistic items used within language. Its relation to the meaning can sometimes proves difficult to define without implementing a variety of terms in the definition. To fully explain what a given lexeme means it has to be placed in a variety of contexts and supported with examples. An alternative to lexicon is called a thesaurus and it groups words accordingly to their semantic similarities. Lexicon can be further divided into classes of lexemes. Unlike grammar, these systems of lexical concepts are open, which means their content varies depending on the language. Before drawing the line between nouns and verbs I’d like to draw attention to possible blurs of that line. In English language words such as [walk] relate to both a noun and a verb. This is not exactly a homonym (lexeme that has the same form but varies in its meaning) as both words refer to the same activity. Interesting comparison with the Polish language is that it never uses verbs as noun but still has large variety of verb derived nouns such as zapalenie (inflammation) or skojarzenie (association). Despite that fact verb derived noun in Polish such as bieg (a run) is not its noun form of the verb – bieganie (running). It also contains a significantly smaller number of homonyms, most of which either differs in spelling (kot-kod) or has a foreign origin (pilot – tv remote and pilot – one that steers a plane) and is usually a noun. English uses multiple homonyms within different classes and semantic distances: pitch, division. As no universal differentiation can be drawn for classes of verb and noun they are most commonly identified by several categories of lexemes. Verb in every language refers to motion, rest, giving, affect, corporeal, attention and speaking. Some languages allow further distinction to nuclear and non-nuclear verbs. Nuclear verb of rest in Polish would be lezec (means to lay, applied to either an object or a person) and the non-nuclear item that can be defined only by a reference to the nuclear verb – zalegac (to lay somewhere for a long time/to stand in the way of everyday activities). English, on the other hand cannot provide a good example of such a lexical item. A scholar can also mark off verbs to be transitive or non-transitive. A transitive verb needs to be completed by an object of the action (We left John. ) while the intransitive is complete without any object to follow (We could not stand it so we left. ). In Polish transitive (przesuwac – to move an object) are entirely different words than intransitive verbs (skakac – to jump). Categories that will only refer to verbs class are modality and tense aspect. Both in Polish and English future past and present tenses occur, however in Polish perfect tenses are only implied by the context: Patrze na niego od godziny – I’ve been watching him for an hour. What’s also fascinating is that in past and future continuous tense Polish verbs suddenly have gender. Discussing modality it’s worth mentioning that in Polish imperative mode of a verb is always a different form any regular conjugation (which wouldn’t be the case in French). English modality is most likely to be contained within the context of the sentence. Comparing these languages from the perspective of verbs scholar should also bear in mind that while English has phrasal verbs (put it off) that are quite different from their lexeme of origin (put) Polish does not. I’d risk a statement that this function is associated with a complex system of prefixes (wlaczyc, wylaczyc – turn on, turn off). Following the applied logic one ought to explain the lexical class of noun with its typical references. Nouns describe parts of the human body and components of other things, fauna, flora, sun moon and stars, elements, and artefacts. They also stand for abstract terms such as emotions, colour or time. Latter one often leads to interesting observations when examined from a linguistic perspective. In Polish and French instead of asking for the time, one asks for the number of the hour. A noun could be derived from verbs or adjectives (swim, hatred) or underived (beauty, fish). Dixon stated that transitivity value of verbs is equally important to the gender of the noun. In English nouns don’t have gender, while in Polish and French even objects have gender. Distribution of gender qualities within these lexemes can be conditioned by the context of culture. It’s also often implied by vowel suffix in French and Polish (e in French and a in Polish). Nouns can take singular form or plural form when added a suffix (s in English and i in Polish). There are exceptions both grammatical (fish) and mass-nouns (mud). Some languages include use of a possessive suffix, however neither English nor Polish would be an example. Class of nouns also includes generic terms, which mean a word that can mean a variety of things depending on the implied intention. An example that is close to perfection is the noun â€Å"thing† which can stand for any other noun. It can as well be a feature of speech style. Curious detail is, when translated, the word thing in Polish can take two forms (cos/rzecz), both have a similar meaning but are used in different context and the latter one has a female gender. Less obvious example would be a Polish word wiersz, which can refer to a poem as well as to a single text line. According to scholars like Marantz certain lexical items can be used in a variety of syntactic structure and implementation of any lexicon, therefore classes such as nouns or verbs are entirely futille. I beg to differ as the summary of my analysis shows multiple differences and distinctive features of each class. Verbs and nouns are defined with a variety of different concepts. Every additional term that refers to categories within a class is like an additional dimension, which outline boundaries of semantic field necessary for understanding the concept. Therefore, provides a valuable methodology for linguistic studies. Blake Lezenski Word Count: 1235 Bibliography: R. M. W. Dixon, 2012. Basic Linguistic Theory Volume 3: Further Grammatical Topics. Edition 1. Oxford University Press, USA. Erkelens, M. A. , 2009. Learning to categorize verbs and nouns: studies on Dutch. Ultrecht: Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Dixon R. M. W. Dixon, 2012. Basic Linguistic Theory Volume 3: Further Grammatical Topics. Edition 1. Oxford University Press, USA, p. 290. [ 2 ]. Ibid 291. [ 3 ]. Ibid 291. [ 4 ]. Ibid 300. [ 5 ]. Ibid 293. [ 6 ]. Ibid 300. [ 7 ]. Ibid 305. [ 8 ]. Ibid 291. [ 9 ]. Ibid 302. [ 10 ]. Ibid 301. [ 11 ]. Erkelens, M. A. , 2009. Learning to categorize verbs and nouns: studies on Dutch. Ultrecht: Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication, p. 26. How to cite Linguistics Classes, Verb and Noun, Papers

Literature Values Essays (591 words) - Fiction, Literature

Literature Values The Value of Literature Literature can have many and different values on a person. It is all depending on the story and the value or moral issue the author wants, you, the reader to get out of it. The value literature had on me was actually hard to put into words. But to understand the value of literature you must know the definition of value and literature. Value has many meanings but there is two that relate. Worth in usefulness or importance to the possessor and a principle, standard, or quality considered worthwhile or desirable. Literature is a body of writings in prose or verse. Literature produces value because it is basically an analysis of an experience or situation. I got a different value out of each story. With Mark Twain's The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn it showed me that one does not have to be civilized or conform to the ideas of society to become cultured or mature. With Huck Finn he ran away from everything that was considered civilized. He had nothing and really did not want anything. But at the same time he experienced and matured living dangerously. This made me value Huck's adventure and take it as my own. Huck proves his maturity when he comments on how the king and duke dupe the villagers into believing that they are the dead man's brothers, and Huck says, I never see anything so disgusting.(Twain 163) Even though the king and duke commit an awful act on the villagers he still feels sorry for them when they get tarred. Huck comments, Human beings can be awful cruel to one another.(Twain 225) In William Faulkner's Barn Burning it told of a man named Abner Snopes who burned barns when upset or mad. This was his way of getting back at them. Barn Burning has two very evident struggles. Abner oppresses his family just as the upper class has oppressed him. Barn Burning to me is based on misdirected anger. Which is basically happening in these days. For example, a teenager and his parents have it out, he leaves, and now his anger is directed toward anything in his pathway. Barn Burning has a value in that it shows in life that people actually misdirect their anger. Such as in the school shootings and bomb threats that have occurred in the past couple of years. Just like Abner Snopes felt like an outsider to the upper class, so did the students who committed these violent acts. In The Swimmer, it made me value life and what it brings. Because if your not careful or you do not watch out it will past you up without notice. As with Everyday Use, one of the daughters did not value who she was or whom she was because she was going out looking for her history. Which she already had at her fingertips. Reading all of the literature this semester has broadened my outlook on life. It has made me realize that there are a lot of things that we as people in this society take for granted. Literature has made me value a lot of experiences and situations; I did not know about until I read all of the short stories by various authors with different styles and views of things. It is weird how the literature that has been written in the past still has an influence on what happenings in today's society. We can reiterate the same ideas, values, and morals into what is going on today. English Essays

The Kouroi Essays - Visual Arts, Sculpture, Kouroi, Kouros, Naxos

The Kouroi Essays - Visual Arts, Sculpture, Kouroi, Kouros, Naxos The Kouroi I. Introduction The pair of sculptures studied in this essay are more similar than their first appearances would suggest. The first sculpture, named Marble Statue of a Kouros , depicts a nude young man in marble, and it was made in Attica around 580 BCE. The other statue entitled Kouros , on the other hand, is a huge marble sculpture made by the abstract expressionist artist Isamu Noguchi in 1945. In this paper, both pieces will be analysed , then compared and contrasted against each other. Although the first impression of the pieces is that they are completely different, some of their surprising similarities will be discussed. II. Marble Statue of a Kouros This is an archaic scu lpture of a nude young man. According to the nameplate, it was created between 590-580 BCE in Attica, and it marked the grave of an aristocrat. It is made of white marble and life-sized, standing slightly taller than 6 feet. This piece is composed of a hea d, torso, and limbs, but otherwise, the sculpture is more representational than naturalistic. This statue reminiscent of linear early Egyptian art in several ways. First, the man is posed in a formulaic and somewhat unnatural pose. He is looking straight a head with his fists clenched at his side and his left leg slightly forward as if he were in the middle of a step. However, no other part of his body appears to be taking this step, so the figure feels quite stiff. Other than the left leg taking a step forw ard, the body is symmetrical over the y-axis of the figure. Finally, every individual shape feels stiff. Each part of the body has a soft curve, almost emulating the organic qualities of muscles, but anatomical details are inscribed as opposed to incorpora ted into the shape of the figure. The proportions are not quite accurate to a real man. For instance, the shoulders are very broad while the waist is quite narrow. In fact, the torso looks feminine due to its curvature, like a top-heavy hourglass. Anato mical details are etched on this shape to suggest the pectorals, abdominals, and obliques . There are also subtle indents for the clavicles and a marking for the navel. On the back, there are lines to mark the spine, shoulder blades, and buttocks. The bas ic shapes of the legs are the thighs and calves. The thighs are quite full, from both the front and side view. From the front, their fullest point is wider than the hips, and from the back, the thickest part of the thighs stick out as much as the buttocks. The calves are also quite full. Their widest point, from the front, is nearly as wide as the thighs; however, the calves taper off more drastically than the thighs. In addition, the front of the calves meet at an angle, so the front is not smooth. The cal ves look like plate armor. The detail that is etched on the legs is concentrated around the knees, both the knee caps and the back of the knee. The knee caps look like a pentagon with a thick wavy line on top, reminiscent of Egyptian representations of kne ecaps. The back of the knees shows slight markings of 2 tendons, but no "knee pit." The legs flow into the feet, but not in a natural way. The bones in the ankle do not jut out, for instance. The feet themse lves are round, concave blocks with toes and toen ails carved into them. The arms are composed of the upper arms and forearms. There are markings on the back of the arms for the elbows and wrist bones, and there is a slight indent in the front forearms to suggest muscles. The back of the lower arms meet at an angle like the calves. The hands are one of the least naturalistic parts of the figure; they are chunky and bold, like rounded cubes with the suggestion of fingers etched into them. The hands are not completely separated from the torso either. The l ast part of this sculpture is the head, and the most detail is concentrated here, perhaps to individualize

Biography of Spartacus, a Slave Who Led a Revolt

Biography of Spartacus, a Slave Who Led a Revolt Spartacus (approximately 100–71 BCE), was a gladiator from Thrace who led a major revolt against Rome. Little is known about this fighting slave from Thrace beyond his role in the spectacular revolt that became known as the Third Servile War (73–71 BCE). Sources agree, however, that Spartacus had once fought for Rome as a legionnaire and was enslaved and sold to become a gladiator. In 73 BCE, he and a group of fellow gladiators rioted and escaped. The 78 men who followed him swelled to an army of more than 70,000, which terrified the citizens of Rome as it plundered Italy from Rome to Thurii in present-day Calabria. Fast Facts: Spartacus Known For: Leading a slave revolt against the Roman governmentBorn: Exact date unknown but believed around 100 BCE in ThraceEducation: Gladiatorial school in Capua, north of NaplesDied: Believed in 71 BCE at Rhenium Early Life While little is known about Spartacuss early life, it is believed that he was born in Thrace (in the Balkans). It is likely that he actually served in the Roman Army, though it is unclear why he left. Spartacus, perhaps a captive of a Roman legion and perhaps a former auxiliary himself, was sold in 73 BCE into the service of Lentulus Batiates, a man who taught at a ludus for gladiators in Capua, 20 miles from Mount Vesuvius in Campania. Spartacus trained at the gladiatorial school in Capua. Spartacus the Gladiator In the same year that he was sold, Spartacus and two Gallic gladiators led a riot at the school. Of the 200 slaves at the ludus, 78 men escaped, using kitchen tools as weapons. In the streets, they found wagons of gladiatorial weapons and confiscated them. Now armed, they easily defeated the soldiers who tried stopping them. Stealing military-grade weapons, they set out south to Mount Vesuvius. Three Gallic slaves- Crixus, Oenomaus, and Castus- became, along with Spartacus, the leaders of the band. Seizing a defensive position in the mountains near Vesuvius, they attracted thousands of slaves from the countryside- 70,000 men, with another 50,000 women and children in tow. Early Success The slave rebellion happened at a moment when Romes legions were abroad. Her greatest generals, the consuls Lucius Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Aurelius Cotta, were attending to the subjugation of the Eastern kingdom of Bithynia, a recent addition to the republic. The raids carried out in the Campanian countryside by Spartacus men fell to local officials to mediate. These praetors, including Gaius Claudius Glaber and Publius Varinius, underestimated the training and ingenuity of the slave fighters. Glaber thought he could lay siege to the slave redoubt at Vesuvius, but the slaves dramatically rappelled down the mountainside with ropes fashioned from vines, outflanked Glabers force, and destroyed it. By the winter of 72 BCE, the successes of the slave army alarmed Rome to the degree that consular armies were raised to deal with the threat. Crassus Assumes Control Marcus Licinius Crassus was elected praetor and headed to Picenum to put an end to the Spartacan revolt with 10 legions, some 32,000 to 48,000 trained Roman fighters, plus auxiliary units. Crassus correctly assumed the slaves would head north to the Alps and positioned most of his men to block this escape. Meanwhile, he sent his lieutenant Mummius and two new legions south to pressure the slaves to move north. Mummius had been explicitly instructed not to fight a pitched battle. He had ideas of his own, however, and when he engaged the slaves in battle, he suffered defeat. Spartacus routed Mummius and his legions. They lost not only men and their arms, but later, when they returned to their commander, the survivors suffered the ultimate Roman military punishment- decimation, by order of Crassus. The men were divided into groups of 10 and then drew lots. The unlucky one in 10 was then killed. Meanwhile, Spartacus turned around and headed toward Sicily, planning to escape on pirate ships, not knowing that the pirates had already sailed away. At the Isthmus of Bruttium, Crassus built a wall to block Spartacus escape. When the slaves tried to break through, the Romans fought back and killed about 12,000 of the slaves. Death Spartacus learned that Crassus troops were to be reinforced by another Roman army under Pompey, brought back from Spain. In desperation, he and his slaves fled north, with Crassus at their heels. Spartacus escape route was blocked at Brundisium by a third Roman force recalled from Macedonia. There was nothing left for Spartacus to do but to try to beat Crassus army in battle. The Spartacans were quickly surrounded and butchered, although many men escaped into the mountains. Only 1,000 Romans died. Six thousand of the fleeing slaves were captured by Crassus troops and crucified along the Appian Way, from Capua to Rome. Spartacus body was not found. Because Pompey performed the mopping-up operations, he, and not Crassus, got credit for suppressing the rebellion. The Third Servile War would become a chapter in the struggle between these two great Romans. Both returned to Rome and refused to disband their armies; the two were elected consul in 70 BCE. Legacy Popular culture, including the 1960 film by Stanley Kubrick, has cast the revolt led by Spartacus in political tones as a rebuke to slavery in the Roman republic. There is no historical material to support this interpretation, nor is it known whether Spartacus intended for his force to escape Italy for freedom in their homelands, as Plutarch maintains. The historians Appian and Florian wrote that Spartacus intended to march on the capital itself. Despite the atrocities committed by Spartacus forces and the splintering of his host after disagreements among the leaders, the Third Servile War inspired revolutions successful and unsuccessful throughout history, including Toussaint Louvertures march for Haitian independence. Sources Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Spartacus.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 22 Mar. 2018. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Third Servile War.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 7 Dec. 2017. â€Å"History - Spartacus.† BBC.

The Role of Retail Industry towards the Economic Advancement of the Essay - 1

The Role of Retail Industry towards the Economic Advancement of the Country - Essay Example The researcher states that very often, the extent to which individual companies can experience growth is very much dependent on the strategic management policies that are used to run these organizations. By strategic management policy, reference is being made to the use of key decision making processes that ensure that the companies come to terms with the selection of best strategies, policies, principles, and action plans that focus directly on their competitive growth. One such industry where the kind of strategic management used is very important in determining the extent of competitiveness is the retail industry. This is because as the days go by, there continue to be more and more new openings within the industry, calling for the need of individual organizations to strategize their ways out to becoming competitive. The selected industry for the study is the retail industry. This is the industry that is responsible for the sale of goods and services directly to the end user, who is the customer. This means that retailers do not go through such production processes as manufacturing and logistics but find a means of directly receiving out to the customer with finished products and services from manufacturers. Retailing has been a core part of the economic composition of the country for several years. This is because, since time immemorial, people have had the need to make purchases of products and services to meet their needs and wants. Very often though, the means of going directly to the manufacturer is not there due to such limitations as transportation and distribution channel. It is in such instances that retailers become very important to the ordinary consumer and the nation at large by meeting the consumer at the point of his or her need. One unique feature of the retail industry is that it is found in almost every corner of the country, and has very limited restrictions in the form of market penetration.

Different Aspects of Life of International Students Essay - 2

Different Aspects of Life of International Students - Essay Example There are a few numbers of students who do not suffer the cultural issues, while on the other hand there are many other people who have to face many hurdles just because of the lack of understanding with the host cultures (Luget 2014; Mason 2002). In addition to the cultural aspects, there are many other issues, which can create a problem for the settlement of the student in the international environment, which is not at all his homeland. In this paper, the topic of the research is the concerns of life of an international postgraduate student. By the end of the paper, we will be able to highlight major issues just because of the research based on an actual interview of a postgraduate student. There are many categories of the qualitative interviews as described by the research. The three most common types of such interviews are structured, semi-structured and unstructured interviews. The structured interviews more frequently fallout from incisive quantitative data and therefore the format of this research study would be on either semi-structured or unstructured interview, preferably semi-structured (Robert 2013; Saunders 2006). The unstructured interviews usually refer towards the collection of observational data while on the other hand, semi-structured interviews are the one and only reliable source for qualitative research. Semi-structured interviews are concerned about the around already constructed open-ended questions, or we can say free opinion-based questions. One question direct the interview session towards the next question. More questions could follow relating to the previous one, and the whole perspective could be brought into light (Robert 2013; Saunders 2006) . The most suitable type of interview for the study is semi-structured format just because of the nature of questions. As the topic is ‘Different aspects of a life of an international postgraduate student,’ it would always be a better idea to gain a deep insight about the perceptions and the actual difficulties, which a student may face in a foreign culture.

Trends in Legal Gambling: Literature Review

Trends in Legal Gambling: Literature Review Albers and Hubl (1997) analyze how the individuals in Germany spend their money in legal gambling and what are their consumption patterns towards it by using a probit technique. They conducted a survey in Germany, using a sample of 1,586 adults to estimate for all types of commercial gambling, the separate functions of participation, and in order to provide explanatory variables about the socioeconomic characteristics like education, gender, age, income, employment and family status, occupation, home ownership, and the relevance of the highest prizes in explaining the gambler’s participation or not in the various types of gambling including Draw lotteries, lotto, soccer toto pools, TV-lotteries, casinos, gaming machines and horse-race betting. Their results show that income has positive impact and major effect on the consumption pattern of commercial games. People with a higher income will tend to spend more on gambling. However, it has been found out that income has no effect on Lotto and that the demand for Soccer Toto falls as income rises. Worthington, et al. (2003) estimate the patterns of gambling in Australia by using a regression model. So they have collected data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Household Expenditure that has conducted a survey on 6892 households. They examine eight kinds of gambling spending ranging from casino games to lottery tickets and analyze causal factors like family composition, gender, income, age, geographic location, ethnicity and race. They reach the conclusion that lottery pattern in Australia is highly determined by household composition, ethnicity and age. Kearney (2005) finds that domestic lottery spending is funded exclusively by a fall in non-gambling costs when analyzing multiple sources of micro-level data. The analysis considered data from the 1982 to 1998 Interview Survey files of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX). 21 states applied a national lottery during this time. The empirical analysis compares the change household expenditures among the households in states that implemented a lottery to those in states that do not. Introducing national lottery leads to an average fall of $46 (2.4%) per month in household’s non-gambling expenditures. This amount indicates that there is a fall in household expenses of $24 for each adult each month as compared to an average of the sale of lottery per month which is $18 for each lottery-state adult From the CEX Interview sample, the non-gambling expenses for the households of low income group are fell by 2.5% on average and 3.1% while the national l ottery offered instant games. Furthermore, the data prove that the level of expenses decreases considerably in households. The consumption of food eaten at home decreases by almost 2.8% and 5.8% for bills like rent and home mortgage. However, The information do not specify which lottery tickets has been purchased by which households, thus these average effects are not considered since a subsequent proportion of households are not involve in lottery gambling. Households that are engaged in lottery gambling and buy tickets of lottery will therefore experience a greater downfall in their non-gambling expenses. Lottery gambling can be considered as investment and entertainment at the same time. It is an investment as consumers are making choices over risky assets. Assuming that the entertainment and pecuniary components of the lottery gamble are separable, maximizing behavior predicts that consumer demand for lottery products should depend positively on its expected return, holding constant game characteristics. To evaluate whether this prediction holds Kearney (2005) investigates from 91 lotto games the weekly sales and characteristics data from 1992 and 1998. The study concludes that the estimated value of a gamble affects positively the level of sale, controlling for higher-order moments of the gamble and non-wealth creating characteristics. This finding is strong to alternative specifications, including controlling for unobserved product fixed effects. The data also revealed that buyers of lotto games react to creation of non-wealth creating and â€Å"entertaining† game features. These two outcomes together find out that gamblers are considered as being partially and possibly entirely rational and informed consumers. In accordance with the results, she states that gamblers derive an amusement equivalent to the cost of gambling (1-expected value) and that they are informed assessors of bets as long as they are making investments. These two outcomes together observe that gamblers are considered as being partially and possibly entirely rational and informed consumers. In accordance with the results, she states that gamblers derive an amusement equivalent to the cost of gambling (1-expected value) and that they are informed assessors of bets as long as they are making investments. Kearney (2005) analyses micro level proof on who plays the lottery from the National survey carried out in 1998 by the National Opinion Research Council (NORC) on gambling. The data disclose the following overall trends. First of all, lottery gambling extends through races, sexes, and income and education groups. Second, black respondents spend nearly twice as much on lottery tickets as do white or Hispanic respondents. The average reported expenditure among blacks is $200 per year, $476 among those who played the lottery last year. Those who have the highest average gambling expenses are the Black men. Thirdly The average dollar amount of money spend on lottery per annum is almost the same among the low, medium and high income groups which can be concluded that on average as compared to other households, the low-income ones’ spend a higher proportion of their total capital on lottery tickets. Clotfelter and Cook (1993) and Terrell (1994) make available the evidence which exist about the â€Å"gambler’s fallacy† between lottery players. â€Å"Gambler’s fallacy† means that people wrongly ascertain on the expectations of prize and their chance of winning. They believe that the first draw will adversely impact on the second draw. For example, if game has been won last year, the probability that the same game win for two consecutive years is low as the prize cannot be won twice for a short period of time. Thus, people would prefer to wait some times before playing. They collect information from the Maryland and New Jersey numbers games respectively and conclude that the sum of cash bet on a certain number clearly falls after the number is drawn and that after various months, it increasingly returns to its previous level. Grinols and Mustard (2004) analyze the link between casinos and the rate of crime by obtaining information about the level of crime in each country examined using the 7 FBI Index 1 offenses from 1977 to 1996 such as murder, robbery, burglary, larceny and aggravated assault. They analyze all the 3165 countries find in the United States and observe the opening of casinos and their impact in all these countries except Nevada. The types of casinos that they examine are tribal-owned, riverboat and land-based casinos. After analysis, they notice that after casinos have been set up in these countries, the rate of crimes has increased considerably. Their result show that after a casino has opened, the rate of crime is low and then increases considerably overtime. They estimate that where countries have opened casinos in 1996, 8% of crime rate is associated to casinos and in average adults spend at around $75 in casinos per annum. They also support the fact that boundary countries are also af fected by the level of crime rate which keeps increasing throughout the year, and propose that as compared to just relocating crime from one state to another, casinos increase aggregate crime.

How Does the Setting Enhance the Atmosphere in ‘The Strange case Of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’? Essay

The Gothic movement was at its highest popularity, when Robert Louis Stevenson wrote ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The Gothic movement was about the darker side of life and man’s soul, and indeed romance, morbidity and death. In the novel this exploration of man’s darker side is taken to the extreme. Where there is the belief that there are literally two sides to a person, in the novel the two sides are split. With that duality, you also get a change in setting and this enhances the atmosphere. Advance in science and medicine influenced minds and questioned beliefs of the Victorian age. For example, does Mr Hyde ever come out in the day? This is because of the darkness in him is accentuated outside by night and shadows. He appears in gloomy surroundings in bad circumstances, and situations. For example, in the Carew murder ‘a fog rolled over the city’ which is like a carpet of gloom and horror descending before you even know what is about to happen. After its happened you get the ‘great chocolate coloured pall’ come over the city. Darkness and night have deeper connotations, apart from everyone disliking the dark. The murder of Danvers Carew was also in darkness, which represents the connection between dark, blackness and evil. There was a full moon, which is well known to emphasise eerie settings. Dark represents evil and people are scared of the dark. This is because when you’re in the dark you cant see and it’s unknown who or what is around you. Just like it is unknown what actually causes evil. Mr. Hyde himself appears physically evil in his features, because he is the polar opposite of Dr. Jekyll. The relationship between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde coincides with night and day. As Dr. Jekyll is usually in day, in wealthy surroundings and Mr. Hyde, where he lives is a messy old house in Soho and creeps around in the night. In this house, he has a housekeeper with an ‘evil’ face, smoothed by hypocrisy’ so in fact, it appears that everything to do with him is not good. The house itself that Mr Hyde lives in is in ‘dismal quarter of Soho’. Before the book goes on to say what happened on page 27, it sets the scene. It is made out to seem like some hellish underworld, with a ‘glow of rich, lurid brown’ and even the light is weak against the darkness in the setting; ‘a haggard shaft of daylight would glance in between the swirling wreaths.’ This weakness of light could also be telling you that good against the darkness and evil in the book is powerless. This is like with Dr. Jekyll ending up taken over by the badness- Mr. Hyde. Dr. Jekyll actually likes being Mr. Hyde more than himself, because he is younger and free compared to the restraints of Victorian middle class respectability. He is younger in Mr. Hyde because his bad side has not yet been fully developed. He calls it haggard because he wants to give the impression that it’s old and tired. Then, when Mr Utterson is visiting Dr. Jekyll, it is ‘late in the afternoon’, so this could be symbolising that there is light now but soon there will be darkness, i.e. evil. I believe that when Robert Louis Stevenson was writing this book, his own life has influenced the setting, as he used to live in Edinburgh where there were two parts, the old, grimy and poor parts in the centre of the city and the rich, posh suburban houses. These opposites in setting- the rich suburbs contrasting with the dark back streets emphasises and night with day make Mr. Hyde and Dr. Jekyll seem even further apart and yet they are the same person. This also adds to the effect of mystery in the plot, like at the beginning not knowing what events would occur. In night, when he appears for example, ‘he lay and tossed in the gross darkness of the night’. Then he has a nightmare, which is a sign that bad things are to come and the dark symbolises that also. Robert Louis Stevenson himself had bad dreams and nightmares in his childhood, perhaps this relates to the man in the story. The mental landscape of the writer reflects in this book. His nightmares, the people in the Victorian age who lead a dual life. For example, when he was younger, him and his friend Charles Baxter would go out and pretend to be lower class and go to taverns. They would lead a dual life, just like that of Jekyll and Hyde, except they could in the end control whether they become that person or not. To conclude, duality runs throughout the whole of this book, with day/night, good/bad, Jekyll/Hyde, wealthy suburbs/grimy back streets, respectability (boring)/freedom (exciting). I think that his life experiences and feelings play a large part in the story and it’s inner meanings. In this book you can see that the setting relates greatly to the plot and Jekyll and Hyde. I think Jekyll and Hyde could relate to people in modern day society, because most people put on an act and don’t portray whom they really are deep down inside. Yet, when they are put in a different place and time, with different people with different behaviours and morals, they are suddenly let loose as a different person. The connection to the story with Jekyll not coming back in the end and Hyde taking over could be applied to this behaviour. Because, when someone puts on an act for such a long time, not only do the people surrounding, but also the person who is doing this, starts to believe that the person they have made out to be cannot be distinguished from the real person inside. So, overall the setting enhances the atmosphere a great deal more than you can perceive because of the underlying connotations and meanings.

County of Allegheny v. ACLU Greater Pittsburgh Chapter (1989)

Background Information This case looked at the constitutionality of two holiday displays in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. One was a creche standing on the grand staircase of the Allegheny County Courthouse, a very prominent position in the courthouse and readily visible by all who entered. The creche included figures of Joseph, Mary, Jesus, animals, shepherds, and an angel bearing a huge banner with the words Gloria in Excelsis Deo! (Glory to in the Highest) emblazoned upon it. Next to it was a sign stating This Display Donated by the Holy Name Society (a Catholic organization). The other display was a block away in a building jointly owned by both the city and the county. It was an 18-foot tall Hanukkah menorah donated by a group of Lubavitcher Hasidim (an ultra-orthodox branch of Judaism). With the menorah was a 45-foot tall Christmas tree, at the base of which was a sign stating Salute to Liberty. Some local residents, supported by the ACLU, filed suit claiming that both displays violated the . A Court of Appeals agreed and ruled that both displays violated of the First Amendment because they endorsed religion. Fast Facts: County of Allegheny v. ACLU of Greater Pittsburgh Chapter Case Argued: February 22, 1989Decision Issued:  July 2, 1989Petitioner: County of AlleghenyRespondent:   American Civil Liberties Union, Greater Pittsburgh ChapterKey Question: Did two public-sponsored holiday displays—one a nativity scene, the other a menorah—constitute state endorsement of religion which would be in violation of the Establishment Clause  of the First Amendment?Majority Decision: Justices Brennan, Marshall, Blackmun, Scalia, and KennedyDissenting: Justices Rehnquist, White, Stevens, and O’ConnorRuling: The location and messaging of the display determined whether or not it was in violation of the Establishment Clause. The prominent display of the crà ¨che with wording directly in praising the birth of Jesus sent a clear message that the county supported and promoted that religion. Due to its particular physical setting, the menorah display was deemed constitutionally legitimate. Court Decision Arguments were made on February 22, 1989. On July 3, 1989, the court ruled 5 to 4 (to strike) and 6 to 3 (to uphold). This was a deeply and unusually fragmented Court Decision, but in the final analysis the Court ruled that while the creche was unconstitutional, the menorah display was not. Although in the Court used the three-part Lemon test to allow a city in Rhode Island to display a creche as part of a holiday display, the same did not hold here because the Pittsburgh display was not used in conjunction with other secular, seasonal decorations. Lynch had established what came to be called the plastic reindeer rule of secular context which the creche failed. Due to this independence along with the prominent place which the creche occupied (thus signaling government endorsement), the display was determined by Justice Blackmun in his plurality opinion to have a specific religious purpose. The fact that the creche was created by a private organization did not eliminate the apparent endorsement by the government of the display. Moreover, the placement of the display in such a prominent position emphasized the message of supporting religion.The creche scene stood on the grand staircase of a courthouse alone. The Supreme Court said: ...the creche sits on the Grand Staircase, the main and most beautiful part of the building that is the seat of county government. No viewer could reasonably think that it occupies this location without the support and approval of the government.Thus, by permitting the display of the creche in this particular physical setting, the county sends an unmistakable message that it supports and promotes the Christian praise to God that is the creches religious message... The Establishment Clause does not limit only the religious content of the governments own communications. It also prohibits the governments support and promotion of religious communications by religious organizations. Unlike the creche, however, the menorah on display was not determined to have an exclusively religious message. The menorah was placed next to a Christmas tree and a sign saluting liberty which the Court found important. Instead of endorsing any religious group, this display with the menorah recognized the holidays as part of the same winter-holiday season. Thus, the display in its entirety did not appear to endorse or disapprove of any religion, and the menorah was permitted to remain. With regards to the menorah, the Supreme Court said: ...it is not sufficiently likely that residents of Pittsburgh will perceive the combined display of the tree, the sign, and the menorah as an endorsement or disapproval ...of their individual religious choices. While an adjudication of the displays effect must taken into account the perspective of one who is neither Christian nor Jewish, as well as of those who adhere to either of these religions, ibid., the constitutionality of its effect must also be judged according to the standard of a reasonable observer. ...When measured against this standard, the menorah need not be excluded from this particular display.The Christmas tree alone in the Pittsburgh location does not endorse Christian belief; and, on the facts before us, the addition of the menorah cannot fairly be understood to result in the simultaneous endorsement of Christian and Jewish faiths. On the contrary, for purposes of the Establishment Clause, the citys overall display must be understood as conveying the citys secular recognition of different traditions for celebrating the winter-holiday season. This was a curious conclusion because the Chabad, the Hasidic sect which owned the menorah, celebrated Chanukah as a religious holiday and advocated the display of their menorah as part of their mission of proselytizing. Also, there was a clear record of lighting the menorah in religious ceremonies - but this was ignored by the Court because the ACLU failed to bring it up. It is also interesting that Blackmun went to some length to argue that the menorah should be interpreted in light of the tree rather than the other way around. No real justification is offered for this perspective, and it is interesting to wonder what the decision would have been had the menorah been larger than the tree, rather than the actual situation where the tree was the larger of the two. In a sharply worded dissent, Justice Kennedy denounced the Lemon test used to evaluate the religious displays and argued that ...any test which might invalidate longstanding traditions cannot be a proper reading of the [Establishment] Clause. In other words, tradition - even if it includes and support of sectarian religious messages - must trump evolving understandings of religious freedom. Justice OConnor, in her concurring opinion, responded: Justice Kennedy submits that the endorsement test is inconsistent with our precedents and traditions because, in his words, if it were applied without artificial exceptions for historical practice, it would invalidate many traditional practices recognizing the role of religion in our society.This criticism shortchanges both the endorsement test itself and my explanation of the reason why certain long standing government acknowledgments of religion do not, under that test, convey a message of endorsement. Practices such as legislative prayers or opening Court sessions with God save the United States and this honorable Court serve the secular purposes of solemnizing public occasions and expressing confidence in the future.These examples of ceremonial deism do not survive Establishment Clause scrutiny simply by virtue of their historical longevity alone. Historical acceptance of a practice does not in itself validate that practice under the Establishment Clause if the practice violates the values protected by that Clause, just as historical acceptance of racial or gender based discrimination does not immunize such practices from scrutiny under the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Kennedys dissent also argued that prohibiting the government from celebrating Christmas as a religious holiday is, itself, a discrimination against Christians. In response to this, Blackmun wrote in the majority opinion that: Celebrating Christmas as a religious, as opposed to a secular, holiday, necessarily entails professing, proclaiming, or believing that Jesus of Nazareth, born in a manger in Bethlehem, is the Christ, the Messiah. If the government celebrates Christmas as a religious holiday (for example, by issuing an official proclamation saying: We rejoice in the glory of Christs birth!), it means that the government really is declaring Jesus to be the Messiah, a specifically Christian belief.In contrast, confining the governments own celebration of Christmas to the holidays secular aspects does not favor the religious beliefs of non-Christians over those of Christians. Rather, it simply permits the government to acknowledge the holiday without expressing an allegiance to Christian beliefs, an allegiance that would truly favor Christians over non-Christians. To be sure, some Christians may wish to see the government proclaim its allegiance to Christianity in a religious celebration of Christmas, bu t the Constitution does not permit the gratification of that desire, which would contradict the the logic of secular liberty it is the purpose of the Establishment Clause to protect. Significance Although it seemed to do otherwise, this decision basically permitted the existence of competing religious symbols, conveying a message of accommodation of religious plurality. While a single symbol standing alone might be unconstitutional, its inclusion with other secular/seasonal decorations may offset an apparent endorsement of a religious message. As a result, communities which desire holiday decorations must now create a display that does not send the message of endorsing a particular religion to the exclusion of others. Displays must contain a variety of symbols and be inclusive of differing perspectives. Perhaps equally important for future cases, however, was the fact that the four dissenters in Allegheny County would have upheld both the creche and menorah displays under a more relaxed, deferential standard. This position has gained a great deal of ground over the years following this decision. In addition, Kennedys Orwellian position that a failure to celebrate Christmas as a Christian holiday qualifies as discrimination against Christians has also become popular - it is, effectively, the logical conclusion of the accommodationist position that an absence of government support for religion is the same as government hostility towards religion. Naturally, such discrimination is only relevant when it comes to Christianity; the government fails to celebrate Ramadan as a religious holiday, but people who agree with Kennedys dissent are entirely unconcerned by that because Muslims are a minority.

Argumentative Essay Overconfident Supertramp - 1623 Words

Overconfident Supertramp. Many of today’s youth spend a great deal of time dreaming, picturing the exact moment a clock will land upon the time inscribed upon their birth certificate, eighteen years past and signaling their rite of passage into legal adulthood. At that moment, a new life erupts, a bountiful explosion of freedoms that cannot be forbidden, the right to pave their own way by their rules and no longer confined to the decree of a guardian. While these new freedoms are embraced immediately for some, delayed by others, these passions and longings of youth are shared by millions of young adults; the desire to chase a dream, place their mark upon the world or a select few, be great among many, or discover a life unsuppressed by the boundaries of traditional society. Regardless of the direction that these youth walk, freedom is now theirs to possess, as are the ramifications that go with it. We may only hope that these young adults possess the self-control to make wise decisions with their fre edoms. Today’s passionate freedom seekers are a generation of instilled confidence over self-control. Some may plunder forward, careless of the repercussions of their actions as they have the confidence to overcome any obstacle, as we observe with Chris McCandless in â€Å"Selections from Into the Wild†, by Jon Krakauer. Chris McCandless grasped his freedom, embarking on a journey into the Alaskan wilderness that he had â€Å"wanted to do since he was little† (Stuckey qtd. in Krakauer