Analysis of Plato's Allegory of the Cave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investigation of Plato's Allegory of the Cave - Essay Example Purposeful anecdote of the Cave was a work of Plato, which additionally implies Analogy of the Cave. In this work Plato is portraying the nature in training and in the needs of instruction. In the article Plato is attempting to bring a relationship among instruction and nature and how training affects nature and it understanding. It is a lot of conversational discoursed between Plato’s sibling Glaucon and Socrates. Plato has made an exceptional showing in conceptualizing the paper according to a perspective of discussion. He has gone an alternate way while investigating the constraints of human comprehension on a specific subject by advancing into a limited way of data. To put it down in a short, Allegory of the Cave comprises of individuals who have been confined to the mass of a cavern where they are confronting the divider and can just observe shadows of individuals who are strolling behind them with the reflection from the fire before them. The individuals never get the op portunity to observe the genuine picture and decipher reality from the shadow see they have while confronting the mass of the cavern for their entire life. Plato at that point draws a similarity from this circumstance as for the life of a thinker of his tendency. He says that the life of the savant is a lot of slanted in this design, the main contrast is that the thinker can understand that what he is seeing is just shadows and not the genuine picture with regards to how it exists as a general rule. He discovers reality and understands that for his entire life he was observer to an image which didn't exist actually and that what he saw thusly was false. At that point he moves onto state that the logician is liberated from this confine and afterward at long last considers the to be picture as how it stands apart to be, and not the manner in which he saw it. Accentuation is laid on recognition and Plato attempts to clarify from this similarity that what people see isn't in every case valid and that they have to liberate themselves from this confine of discernment which covers over the genuine picture so as to comprehend the genuine picture. The case in this similarity is that individuals ought to be liberated from the State just as any position which is intended to secure up recognitions in the psyches of the individuals. Individuals ought to be liberated from such exercises by any association at all, where they have the decision to glance around and reach determinations from reality as opposed to exchanging defective observations engendered by State into their brains. The writer is utilizing an enthusiastic intrigue to accumulate the help of his perusers. He is utilizing this device as it appears to be the smoothest and the most unobtrusive instrument in persuading individuals regarding his thought just as causing them to tail it in their own lives. Along these lines the individuals can associate at an extremely frail and elevated level and that is the place th e power is the greatest. When the power is accomplished at an exceptionally profound level which must be engendered through a passionate comprehension of the thought, the individuals would naturally by crafted by their sub cognizant would catch and execute the thought into their brains. It is an association of the sub cognizant and that association works just when applied at an extremely serious level, which incorporates the extending of limits, in this manner managing at a frail point and yet reinforcing it. The story spins around a similarity which is sentimental in nature. The

Before 1865 Essays - British East India Company,

Prior to 1865 Brooke Massa 1 American Civilization to 1865 October 18, 1999 Patriotism initially developed as the Colonists turned out to be increasingly Democratic. Some contend that Democracy had consistently existed in the states, yet didn't start to rise until around the start of ?The Enlightenment?. I accept that Nationalism was available during the Progressive Era, yet then blurred once more, fanning the fire during the Civil War. Pioneers shown all the parts of Nationalism. They had a mutual feeling of social character, an objective of political self assurance, and the larger part shared a steadfastness to a solitary national state. Settlers were a huge number of miles from the lord, the parliament, and Great Britain, this prompted another lifestyle. While numerous parts of provincial society were taken straightforwardly from that of Britain society, they likewise framed new convictions and customs as they saw fit. The Edification ?Helped produce a developing enthusiasm for training and an elevated worry with legislative issues and government.? (Brinkley pg. 85) With this ascent of scholarly interest likewise came the ascent of education and innovation inside the states. The education rates increased and more and more individuals had promptly avaliable writings. The creation of the print machine prompted an inundation of printed material, quite a bit of which delt with legislative issues. Books, flyers, and chronological registries all were utilized in communicating the political thoughts of huge numbers of our incredible early government officials. ?One explanation the Stamp Act made such a disturbance in the settlements was on the grounds that printing innovation and consequently print itself-had by then gotten integral to pilgrim life. Massa 2 The settlements, similar to any country, needed to act naturally adequate, however because of the fixed measure of riches, this was unthinkable except if they got an outside wellspring of pay. Mercantilism was a basic piece of pioneer society, the interest for imported products was extraordinary. Britain passed the Navigation Acts to constrain the Colonies exchange with outside sources. The Sugar Act, which again precluded exchange, particularly that of sugar, between the provinces, and the French what's more, Spanish Claims in the West Indies. With all the limitations set upon them, it was as it were normal that the pioneers would break these limitations. England passed a progression of Acts which included: the Hat Act, the Currency Act, the Iron Act, and the Stamp Acts. At the point when settlers known about these demonstrations, they started to mix. From the outset the settlements believed that there was pretty much nothing or nothing to be finished. At that point in 1765, the Virginia House of Burgesses fanned the fire. Patrick Henry expressed that it was crazy for the settlers to pay burdened to an administration that they had no portrayal in. This and different resoulutions were printed and esteemed the ?Virginia Resolves?. Simultaneously in Massachusetts, James Otis was requiring an intercolonial congress. After the finish of the French and Indian War, there were 4 issues which thusly legitimately prompted the ascent of Nationalism and the Revolution: 1. In 1765 the British gain a lot of land in the U.S. through the Treaty of Paris. 2. The finish of the war drove Great Britain to fortify the Route Acts. 3. The war evacuated the 1 fundamental security that was all the while staying between the U.K. furthermore, the U.S., that which was shielding the settlements agains the French. 4. The French furthermore, Indian War prompted a 130 million pound British Debt. This amazing war obligation was another reason that England passed the Stamp Acts. These occasions assisted with reinforcing the pilgrims feeling of social personality and help the ascent towards Nationalism. Massa 3 With all the limitations set upon them, it was just regular that the idea of political self-assurance emerged. Homesteaders felt that they should boycott together to ascend against the British. The exchange circumstance was a determing factor in the ascent of pilgrim political frameworks. Britian understood that the settlements were starting to ?think all alone? furthermore, a progression of British government foundations started in the U.S. There were Vice Admiralty Courts, the Board of Exchange and Plantations, and numerous financial and exchange guidelines. All settlements had Royal Governors and frontier authorities. In October of 1765, the Stamp Act Congress met and drafted an appeal to England expressing that pioneers must be burdened from their own commonplace governments, and not from Britian. The fights worked, in light of the fact that Britain before long toppled the Stamp Act. The provinces were obviously ?quiet? until the 1770's when England again passed prohibitive acts, this time the Intolerable Acts.

Moonshine Can Still Cause Health Problems

Moonshine Can Still Cause Health Problems Addiction Alcohol Use Print Moonshine Can Still Cause Health Problems By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 06, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 20, 2018 Scott Olson / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Moonshine, the formerly hush-hush, home-distilled liquor of backwoods Appalachia is still around. In fact, its now legit. White lightning, as its called, was once completely an illicit and banned substance by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, but it is now permitted for sale and regulated by the U.S. federal government in some states. The first legal moonshine distillery in Tennessee opened its doors in 2010, and others followed in Kentucky, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina.?? There are some estimates that more than a million illegal moonshine stills are in operation in the United States making the production of the clear,  high-potency brew  more prevalent and widespread now than it has ever been in history. And, its potentially very dangerous to make at home due to its ingredients, byproducts, and flammability.   What Is Moonshine? Moonshine, also known as hooch or homebrew, is made by fermenting a sugar source to produce ethanol. Traditionally, moonshine is made from a mash of corn and sugar. The alcohol is separated from the mash by a distillation process.  One big difference between moonshine and other liquors like whiskey or bourbon is that moonshine is not aged. The result is a distilled spirit that contains a high percentage of alcohol, many times greater than 100 proof (50 percent), like a white whiskey. Moonshine may conjure up images of country-folk distilling and transporting their  potent potables in jugs branded XXX during the middle of the night to avoid detection, and that is not far off from the truth in some parts of the U.S. where that still occurs. What has changed is that now in the modern era,?? the ability to buy commercially produced, all-copper moonshine stills on the internet has taken some of the danger out of the moonshine distilling process. Despite this improvement, that does not mean that all moonshine is safe to drink. Plenty of moonshine is being brewed in the hills of Appalachia in stills made from automobile radiator parts. History of Moonshine As far as we can tell, brewing alcohol has been around since the beginning of mankind. Moonshine is believed to have been introduced in the southern Appalachian region of the U.S. by Scotch-Irish immigrants in the late 1700s. According to Appalachian anthropologists, the Scotch-Irish immigrants who migrated to the region in the late 1700s and early 1800s brought with them their tradition of home brewing and their recipe for the high-potency hooch. The term comes from the fact that it is done at night so people will not see the smoke from the still. Therefore, it can be hidden from the police or thirsty neighbors, according to Jason Sumich, Department of Anthropology, Appalachian State University. Moonshine was originally packaged in clay jugs, then later Mason jars. The old clay jars were often marked with XXX on the side. Supposedly each X represented how many times the brew had been through the distillation process. Big Moneymaker Moonshine Moonshine was once an important financial aspect of the Appalachian economy, providing a source of income in bad economic times and in areas where poverty was rampant. Like any good produced in the U.S., moonshine experienced its peaks and valleys in the supply and demand chain. Moonshine experienced a deep lull when the U.S. had an increase in the price of sugar starting in the 1950s. Moonshine seemed to become a fading tradition as the U.S. experienced an increase in the  use of marijuana and the use of prescription painkillers at epidemic levels in the region. In recent years, moonshine seems to have had a resurgence. Now with the trend for higher prices at the liquor store, especially for imported spirits, moonshining has hit the spotlight again. In 2010, a BBC investigation into moonshining in the United States found that as many as a million Americans were breaking the law by making moonshine. In the same year, Tennessee started selling legal hooch in big box stores like Walmart and Sams Club. On the internet, several websites offer stills made of all copper for sale, ranging from one-gallon personal models to 220-gallon commercial outfits. They range in price from $150 to $11,000 and anywhere in between. One seller claimed the demand for his copper stills doubled in recent years and he had shipped stills to every state in the U.S. Why Is Moonshine Dangerous? Illegal moonshine remains dangerous because it is mostly brewed in makeshift stills. It can be dangerous on two levels, both during the distilling process and when consuming it. The distilling process itself produces alcohol vapors, which are highly flammable. More than one moonshine maker has died by striking a match to light his pipe at the wrong time. The flammable vapors are one major reason why moonshine stills are almost always located outside, although it makes them easier to be spotted by law enforcement. The threat of vaporous explosions is too great if confined inside. In terms of consuming the liquid, if the final product is over 100 proof, the moonshine itself is flammable and can be very dangerous. Can Moonshine Make You Go Blind? More people have died from drinking moonshine than have died by explosions of stills due to the toxins in the brew. Although many of the stills in operation today are the all-copper variety, there are plenty of the old handmade stills still around. Old stills use vehicle radiators in the distilling process, and they are apt to contain lead?? soldering, which could contaminate the moonshine. The old radiators could also contain remnants of antifreeze glycol products which could also add toxins to the brew. In larger batches of distilled moonshine, tainting with methanol can occur. Because methanol vaporizes at a lower temperature than alcohol, the first liquid produced by the distillation process can contain methanol. The larger the batch, the more methanol. Methanol is highly poisonous and can cause blindness and even death. Most moonshine makers today know to pour off those first drippings from the condenser, also known as the foreshot, but not all of them know or do it. In 2003, Dr. Christopher Holstege,?? a physician with the University of Virginia Health System, tested 48 samples of moonshine obtained by law enforcement from different stills. The doctor found lead contamination in 43 of the samples. How Can You Tell If Moonshine Is Safe? Folklore tells us one way to test the purity of moonshine is to pour some in a metal spoon and set it on fire. If it burns with a blue flame it is safe, but if it burns with a yellow or red flame, it contains lead, prompting the old saying, Lead burns red and makes you dead. But, the spoon burning method is not completely reliable. This test does not detect other toxins that might be in the brew,?? like methanol, which burns with a colorless flame. With millions of gallons of moonshine being produced each year in the United States, chances are some of it is going to be tainted. Health officials are concerned that moonshine toxicity in ailing patients might be overlooked?? because most healthcare providers consider it a tradition of the past.

The Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare - 1497 Words

Practise Essay William Shakespeare effectively explores and follows the framework of the tragedy, Macbeth; a tale of systematic suffering, which foreshadows and imminently leads to the death of a great man. Essentially, it is Macbeth’s flaw – his growing ambition – which leads to these harsh repercussions. Shakespeare demonstrates his tragedy, through Aristotle’s elements and definition of tragedy, which ultimately concerns the reversal of good fortune to bad. In â€Å"Macbeth†, ambition conspires with supernatural forces to commit evil deeds and the themes of the supernatural, evil and ambition, all contribute to tragedy. The three themes are accordingly depicted by the Witches, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth himself – the trio concocting the recipe for the downfall of a great man. The supernatural – an external force that does not correspond to the laws of nature – serves as the initial theme of the tragedy, â€Å"Macbeth† – contributing to the first aspect of a play, the action. In â€Å"Macbeth†, Shakespeare explores the world of man and the supernatural, which are both disrupted by killing – in the Elizabethan era, the killing of a king was seen as a sin against god. The play’s supernatural dimension opens with the impeding presence of the witches in Act 1, Scene 1. The dominant imagery of night and darkness is introduced as the witches gather in the ‘foul and filthy air’. The weird sisters’ perhaps most infamous statement, ‘Fair is foul, and foul is fair’, presents a combination of aShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe first tragic story created in ancient Greece. Tragedies were written as a form of catharsis or purgation of emotions. In these types of plays, the audience finds characters in which they can relate to which is a tragic hero. The tragic hero creates his own failures based upon their own actions and produces a detrimental fate for himself. The process of the protagonist’s fall is based upon the tragic structure. The structure of a tragedy consists of the exposition, exciting force, hamartia, theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare892 Words   |  4 Pages‘The Tragedy of Macbeth’, written between 1599 and 1606 by William Shakespeare, has been reinterpreted in the 2010 film ‘Macbeth’. The 2010 film successfully takes its own reading of Shakespeare s play; by changing the setting, the director, Rupert Goold, effectively conveys many of the key themes and issues found in the original text. Whilst transforming some on the underlying meanings to correspond to the alternative readings contemporary audiences might take from Shakespeare s Macbe th. The objectiveRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1724 Words   |  7 PagesAs humans we are attracted to tragedy in our everyday lives. For the horror, understanding and contemplation of human nature what else can offer a better summary than Shakespeare? In the play the Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare the story progresses through the vision of the protagonist, Macbeth. Throughout the story Macbeth aspires to obtain more power than his original position, as sergeant, provides. With many dastardly deeds he achieves the position of king, although he becomes a tyrantRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1023 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is one the greatest writer of all time. Writing hundreds of books and scripts, Shakespeare founded his most success in his plays in the 1589-1613. One of his most popular plays is the Tragedy of Macbeth. The Tragedy of Macbeth was a turn from glory to tragedy. A story of a true tragic hero. Macbeth is a brave soldier in a war for Scotland. A tale of a great soilder that was highly praise in his kingdom turn to a tragic murderous sinful king. Macbeth kill his friends and hisRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tragedy of Macbeth Literary Analysis In the play The Tragedy of Macbeth, William Shakespeare uses satire as tone and irony as points of view to portray Macbeth’s unfortunately placed ambition and the manipulation that is used on him. His ambition to gain a higher status as king ends with consequences to himself and the others in his path. Shakespeare adds dramatic irony, verbal irony, and situational irony to keep the readers at the edge of their seats as well as engaged in each lie and mishapRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare739 Words   |  3 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s play, The Tragedy of Macbeth, the Death of King Duncan of Scotland occurred at Thane Macbeth’s castle, Inverness, at around four in the morning in about the year 1300. Before the murder, Macbeth imagined seeing a bloody dagger floating before him, making it appear as if he was not totally sane. The reason the murder happened was because Macbeth had met three witches in the woods that prophesized to him that he would become king of Scotland. Afterwards, Macbeth sent a letterRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare972 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Tragedy of Macbeth, William Shakespeare utilizes a series of themes through the behaviors of many different characters. Some themes seen more clearly throughout the play are those of monarchy, tyranny, and gender. Perhaps the most prominent theme in the whole play is that of the â€Å"unsexing† of Lacy Macbeth’s character. Lady Macbeth wants to act in such a way that is not connected to her gender; we see this and how it relates to the plot and her part in both the rising action and climax in theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1052 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish II 2 October, 2015 â€Å"Tragedy† of Macbeth Macbeth, a play written by one of the most influential English writers of all time William Shakespeare. It was created to be a Shakespearean tragedy. A tragedy as Aristotle defines it as: â€Å"Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude †¦. through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions† (Aristotle: Poetics). What this is saying for a tragedy is that it should have the audienceRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1582 Words   |  7 Pagesto you and told you would be king would you trust them? Macbeth did and ultimately it led to his tragic demise. The tragedy of Macbeth was written by famous poet William Shakespeare in the earl sixteen hundredth. The play dramatizes the destructive physical and mental effects of radical ambition for people who seek authority for the benefit of an individual. Macbeth’s theme of ambition, lust for power, faith, and gullibility makes Macbeth his own antagonist, which is directly correlated to his deathRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1290 Words   |  6 Pagesdetrimentally. This is evident in the play, The Tragedy of Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare through Macbeth’s interpretation of the witches’ prophecies, perception of the security of his throne, and interpretation of what his life has become. First, Macbeth’s interpretation of the witches’ prophecies became the principle of his actions that caused for his identity to descent. To begin with, the three weird sisters presented Macbeth with three prophecies where the first two, Thane

cognitive linguistics - 3443 Words

The topic of seminar: The main trends of Cognitive Linguistics in works of foreign (American and European) scientists Problem task: What principles of cognitive linguistics did G. Lakoff pay much attention at ? Describe his idea. Describe the study of spatial relationships and types of movement in the conceptualization of language, the concept of imaginative schemes and types of schemes. Describe the study of body based consciousness and language of humans. The idea of the concept of embodiment. Make a classification of areas and approaches, allocated in cognitive linguistics by foreign authors. Present it as a flowchart (Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ã' Ã'…Ð µÃ ¼Ã °). Lecture 6.The main trends of Cognitive Linguistics in works of foreign scientists.†¦show more content†¦The Generalization Commitment has concrete consequences for studies of language. First, cognitive linguistic studies focus on what is common among aspects of language, seeking to re-use successful methods and explanations across these aspects. For instance, just as word meaning displays prototype effects – there are better and worse examples of referents of given words, related in particular ways – so various studies have applied the same principles to the organization of morphology (e.g., Taylor, 2003), syntax (e.g., Goldberg, 1995), and phonology (e.g., Jaeger Ohala, 1984). Generalizing successful explanations across domains of language isnt just a good scientific practice – it is also the way biology works; reusing existing structures for new purposes, both on evolutionary and developmental timescales. Second, cognitive linguistic approaches often take a vertical, rather than a horizontal strategy to the study of language. Language can be seen as composed of a set of distinct layers of organisation – the sound structure, the set of words composed by these sounds, the syntactic structures these words are constitutive of, and so on. If we array these layers one on top of the next as they unroll over time (like layers of a cake), then modular approaches are horizontal, in the sense that they take one layer and study it internally – just as a horizontal slice of cake. Vertical approaches get a richer view ofShow MoreRelatedMetaphor In Talk Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagesbones into small bits and ‘He caused my stomach to burst.† As Maalaj notes it is important to include cultural practices in any account of conceptual metaphors. 2.6.2. Metaphors in Linguistics and Literature (Paprottà © and Driven, 1985) that brings metaphor within the scope of applied Linguistics. If, as Cognitive linguists now hold, metaphor is not just a surface ornamentation of Language but a phenomenon of human thought processes, and then metaphor in real world language becomes an importantRead MoreThe Sapir Whorf s Hypothesis1793 Words   |  8 Pagesdemonstrate that this is at least partially—although not entirely—true, based on my own anecdotal experiences of being a bilingual speaker, and the linguistic evidence provided by Professors George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, combined with the studies of Luisa Maffi and Harold C. Conklin. Although the concept of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis—or linguistic relativity, as it is sometimes known (Ahearn 1962: 66)—is one that has provoked incredible intrigue, it inevitably falls victim to Whorf’s distasteRead MoreChomsky s Theory Of Human Language1362 Words   |  6 PagesIn the 1960s, Empiricism and Behaviorism reigned, yet these views are now commonly mostly considered absurd due to Chomsky. Noam Chomsky, a prominent cognitive linguist and a great contributor to analytical philosophy, is in awe of the concept of human language. The properties of language enable humans to combine individual concepts together in indefinitely many ways, making the range of human thought virtually unlimited. Chomsky is fascinated that language enables humans to say virtually anythingRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Aphasia Patients1343 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage production may be very limited - cannot speak fluently b) Some may have more trouble with comprehension aspects - speak fluently but words used don t make sense - used incorrectly c) Because it is related to brain damage, there are other cognitive deficits that may be associated with aphasia, depending on the type of damage. 3. Every individual patient with chronic aphasia differs, which means treatment has to be flexible and adaptable to the patient. B. What is AAC? 1. Augmentative andRead MoreEssay about The Relationship Between Language and Worldview1369 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between cognitive development and linguistic developments (Blum 35). After studying different languages, the researcher found a connection between linguistic and cognitive values, with the former being regarded as important in promoting the latter. This means that there is need for linguistic development, and especially in the first stages of development for the cognitive behaviors to be observed. From this hypothesis, it is clear that a worldview is influenced by linguistic traits that areRead MoreEssay on Language Development in Hearing-impaired Children1734 Words   |  7 PagesThis had to be the hardest paper that I have written here at Ashford. I think a lot had to do with finding four articles that I could really relate to. Well, then again finding the articles that interested me the most in one of the following areas: cognitive development, language development, social development, or memory and the brain in children and infants. Most students would say that this is easy, however, my situation is not like most students. I have a 6 year old little girl, named Racine,Read MoreDifference Between Linguistic And Linguistic Studies1097 Words   |  5 PagesIn the following essay, I am going to present a comparison between two linguistic studies. Constructing another Language-Usage Based Linguistics in Second Language Acquisition by Eskildsen and Sources of Linguistic Knowledge in the second language acquisition of English articles by Ionin, Zubizarreta, and Maldonado are going to be contrasted regarding their theoretical frameworks, research questions and research designs together with the conclusions reached. Reading the two studies, certain conclusionsRead MoreLanguage, The, And The Glass Broke1716 Words   |  7 PagesWhen we conceive language as the product or instrument of an exclusively cognitive subject, then it is merely representational. The meaning of our words depends directly on their correspondence to things in the world, and we recognize no other meaning than the literal. Sentences like this is a chair, or Machu Picchu is two thousand meters above sea level, or the glass broke, all illustrate this use of language. They are clearly literal, they serve to communicate facts, and they can be verifiedRead MoreLanguage As A Form Of Control1744 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage as a Form of Control: The Use Psycholinguistics in Babel-17 The psychology of language has always been a complex and fluid study in which scientists investigate the cognitive processes that make it possible to generate a grammatical and meaningful sentence out of vocabulary and phonetic structures, as well as factors that let people acquire, produce, and comprehend language as an entirety. Samuel L. Delaney’s 1966 science fiction novel, Babel-17, explores a psycholinguistic approach toRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Human Language1116 Words   |  5 Pagesis surrounded around the cognitive development and the brain. The development of the brain is followed in the development of language. This is thought to be only after the human has been born. Chomsky had similar innovations in his study of linguistics; he replaced behaviorism of Skinner (1959) with modern cognitive base, which the introduced an innate type of universal grammar and a common program of principles called â€Å"minimalist programme† (679). Also modern linguis tics separates two languages:

Linguistics Classes, Verb and Noun Free Essays

â€Å"Discuss and contrast some of the main features of the classes VERB and NOUN in English and any other language. † In this essay I will make an attempt to discuss differences between two classes of lexemes, which are verb and noun. In order to conduct that analysis in a detailed manner I will refer to two languages, English and Polish (minor references to French will also help my studies). We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics Classes, Verb and Noun or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will start from defining what one can refer to as class in linguistics. I will to refer to certain shadows of doubt that may be casted on that categorization. This will be followed by elaborating subtleties of what constitutes a verb providing examples and showing contrasts between two languages examined. With the help of studying materials I’ll manage to outline empirical criteria for how the concept of verb can be understood by a linguist. Then, I will implement similar methodology to clarify the concept of a noun class. Finally I will arrive at a conclusion that beyond any doubt those two categories are distinctly different and minor similarities emphasized by two drastically different languages simply make the case more interesting. A scholar is able to divide every language into two diverse, but mutually supplementing, categories. Grammar is a set of closed system that determines how items of the language interact with each other. Lexicon, on the other hand provides a glossary of lexemes. Lexeme is more than a word, as it refers to all possible variations of linguistic items used within language. Its relation to the meaning can sometimes proves difficult to define without implementing a variety of terms in the definition. To fully explain what a given lexeme means it has to be placed in a variety of contexts and supported with examples. An alternative to lexicon is called a thesaurus and it groups words accordingly to their semantic similarities. Lexicon can be further divided into classes of lexemes. Unlike grammar, these systems of lexical concepts are open, which means their content varies depending on the language. Before drawing the line between nouns and verbs I’d like to draw attention to possible blurs of that line. In English language words such as [walk] relate to both a noun and a verb. This is not exactly a homonym (lexeme that has the same form but varies in its meaning) as both words refer to the same activity. Interesting comparison with the Polish language is that it never uses verbs as noun but still has large variety of verb derived nouns such as zapalenie (inflammation) or skojarzenie (association). Despite that fact verb derived noun in Polish such as bieg (a run) is not its noun form of the verb – bieganie (running). It also contains a significantly smaller number of homonyms, most of which either differs in spelling (kot-kod) or has a foreign origin (pilot – tv remote and pilot – one that steers a plane) and is usually a noun. English uses multiple homonyms within different classes and semantic distances: pitch, division. As no universal differentiation can be drawn for classes of verb and noun they are most commonly identified by several categories of lexemes. Verb in every language refers to motion, rest, giving, affect, corporeal, attention and speaking. Some languages allow further distinction to nuclear and non-nuclear verbs. Nuclear verb of rest in Polish would be lezec (means to lay, applied to either an object or a person) and the non-nuclear item that can be defined only by a reference to the nuclear verb – zalegac (to lay somewhere for a long time/to stand in the way of everyday activities). English, on the other hand cannot provide a good example of such a lexical item. A scholar can also mark off verbs to be transitive or non-transitive. A transitive verb needs to be completed by an object of the action (We left John. ) while the intransitive is complete without any object to follow (We could not stand it so we left. ). In Polish transitive (przesuwac – to move an object) are entirely different words than intransitive verbs (skakac – to jump). Categories that will only refer to verbs class are modality and tense aspect. Both in Polish and English future past and present tenses occur, however in Polish perfect tenses are only implied by the context: Patrze na niego od godziny – I’ve been watching him for an hour. What’s also fascinating is that in past and future continuous tense Polish verbs suddenly have gender. Discussing modality it’s worth mentioning that in Polish imperative mode of a verb is always a different form any regular conjugation (which wouldn’t be the case in French). English modality is most likely to be contained within the context of the sentence. Comparing these languages from the perspective of verbs scholar should also bear in mind that while English has phrasal verbs (put it off) that are quite different from their lexeme of origin (put) Polish does not. I’d risk a statement that this function is associated with a complex system of prefixes (wlaczyc, wylaczyc – turn on, turn off). Following the applied logic one ought to explain the lexical class of noun with its typical references. Nouns describe parts of the human body and components of other things, fauna, flora, sun moon and stars, elements, and artefacts. They also stand for abstract terms such as emotions, colour or time. Latter one often leads to interesting observations when examined from a linguistic perspective. In Polish and French instead of asking for the time, one asks for the number of the hour. A noun could be derived from verbs or adjectives (swim, hatred) or underived (beauty, fish). Dixon stated that transitivity value of verbs is equally important to the gender of the noun. In English nouns don’t have gender, while in Polish and French even objects have gender. Distribution of gender qualities within these lexemes can be conditioned by the context of culture. It’s also often implied by vowel suffix in French and Polish (e in French and a in Polish). Nouns can take singular form or plural form when added a suffix (s in English and i in Polish). There are exceptions both grammatical (fish) and mass-nouns (mud). Some languages include use of a possessive suffix, however neither English nor Polish would be an example. Class of nouns also includes generic terms, which mean a word that can mean a variety of things depending on the implied intention. An example that is close to perfection is the noun â€Å"thing† which can stand for any other noun. It can as well be a feature of speech style. Curious detail is, when translated, the word thing in Polish can take two forms (cos/rzecz), both have a similar meaning but are used in different context and the latter one has a female gender. Less obvious example would be a Polish word wiersz, which can refer to a poem as well as to a single text line. According to scholars like Marantz certain lexical items can be used in a variety of syntactic structure and implementation of any lexicon, therefore classes such as nouns or verbs are entirely futille. I beg to differ as the summary of my analysis shows multiple differences and distinctive features of each class. Verbs and nouns are defined with a variety of different concepts. Every additional term that refers to categories within a class is like an additional dimension, which outline boundaries of semantic field necessary for understanding the concept. Therefore, provides a valuable methodology for linguistic studies. Blake Lezenski Word Count: 1235 Bibliography: R. M. W. Dixon, 2012. Basic Linguistic Theory Volume 3: Further Grammatical Topics. Edition 1. Oxford University Press, USA. Erkelens, M. A. , 2009. Learning to categorize verbs and nouns: studies on Dutch. Ultrecht: Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Dixon R. M. W. Dixon, 2012. Basic Linguistic Theory Volume 3: Further Grammatical Topics. Edition 1. Oxford University Press, USA, p. 290. [ 2 ]. Ibid 291. [ 3 ]. Ibid 291. [ 4 ]. Ibid 300. [ 5 ]. Ibid 293. [ 6 ]. Ibid 300. [ 7 ]. Ibid 305. [ 8 ]. Ibid 291. [ 9 ]. Ibid 302. [ 10 ]. Ibid 301. [ 11 ]. Erkelens, M. A. , 2009. Learning to categorize verbs and nouns: studies on Dutch. Ultrecht: Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication, p. 26. How to cite Linguistics Classes, Verb and Noun, Papers

Literature Values Essays (591 words) - Fiction, Literature

Literature Values The Value of Literature Literature can have many and different values on a person. It is all depending on the story and the value or moral issue the author wants, you, the reader to get out of it. The value literature had on me was actually hard to put into words. But to understand the value of literature you must know the definition of value and literature. Value has many meanings but there is two that relate. Worth in usefulness or importance to the possessor and a principle, standard, or quality considered worthwhile or desirable. Literature is a body of writings in prose or verse. Literature produces value because it is basically an analysis of an experience or situation. I got a different value out of each story. With Mark Twain's The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn it showed me that one does not have to be civilized or conform to the ideas of society to become cultured or mature. With Huck Finn he ran away from everything that was considered civilized. He had nothing and really did not want anything. But at the same time he experienced and matured living dangerously. This made me value Huck's adventure and take it as my own. Huck proves his maturity when he comments on how the king and duke dupe the villagers into believing that they are the dead man's brothers, and Huck says, I never see anything so disgusting.(Twain 163) Even though the king and duke commit an awful act on the villagers he still feels sorry for them when they get tarred. Huck comments, Human beings can be awful cruel to one another.(Twain 225) In William Faulkner's Barn Burning it told of a man named Abner Snopes who burned barns when upset or mad. This was his way of getting back at them. Barn Burning has two very evident struggles. Abner oppresses his family just as the upper class has oppressed him. Barn Burning to me is based on misdirected anger. Which is basically happening in these days. For example, a teenager and his parents have it out, he leaves, and now his anger is directed toward anything in his pathway. Barn Burning has a value in that it shows in life that people actually misdirect their anger. Such as in the school shootings and bomb threats that have occurred in the past couple of years. Just like Abner Snopes felt like an outsider to the upper class, so did the students who committed these violent acts. In The Swimmer, it made me value life and what it brings. Because if your not careful or you do not watch out it will past you up without notice. As with Everyday Use, one of the daughters did not value who she was or whom she was because she was going out looking for her history. Which she already had at her fingertips. Reading all of the literature this semester has broadened my outlook on life. It has made me realize that there are a lot of things that we as people in this society take for granted. Literature has made me value a lot of experiences and situations; I did not know about until I read all of the short stories by various authors with different styles and views of things. It is weird how the literature that has been written in the past still has an influence on what happenings in today's society. We can reiterate the same ideas, values, and morals into what is going on today. English Essays